Well, let's start by defining a bridge as "the structure that is part of roads, highways, railway lines and pipelines, which is built over a depression, river, or any obstacle"(1). In general, we can say that they consist of two fundamental parts: the superstructure, or set of sections that save the spans located between the supports, and the infrastructure (supports or supports), formed by the piers, which directly support the aforementioned sections, the abutments or piers located at the ends of the bridge, which connect with the embankment, and the foundations, or supports of abutments and piers responsible for transmitting all the efforts to the ground.
There are six basic types of bridges:
- girder bridge
- cantilever bridge
- arch bridge
- Suspension bridge
- Cable-stayed bridge
- braced bridge
The other bridges that we find are combinations derived from the previous ones.
Information obtained from: Areatecnologia. (2020). “Puentes, que son, tipos y construcción”. Areatecnologia. Recuperado 15 de octubre de 2022, de: Puentes Que Son Tipos y Construcción (areatecnologia.com)
Necessary characteristics of a bridge.
As already mentioned above, a bridge in its general form is made up of 2 main parts: the deck and the supports, these can include armor. We must understand that each bridge is designed according to the function, weight, prevailing winds and nature of the ground where it is founded. Structural engineering is used for this type of project and its calculation, and there are numerous types of designs that have been applied throughout history, influenced by the available materials, the techniques developed, and economic considerations, among other factors.
Image and information obtained from: https://www.areatecnologia.com/estructuras/imagenes/puentes.jpg
When generalizing the construction of a bridge, we observe that in them it is necessary for the deck to rest on the supports, arising here another important concept: vain, it is known as the distance between two support points.
When considering the construction of a bridge, two separate parts are divided:
- The superstructure: which is the set of sections that save the openings located between the supports.
- The infrastructure: formed by the foundations, the abutments and the piles that support the sections.
Each section of the superstructure consists of a deck or floor, one or several support frames and the lateral braces. The board is the one
It directly supports the dynamic loads and through the reinforcement transmits the tensions to piers and abutments. The reinforcements will work in bending (beams), in traction (cables), in bending and compression (arches and reinforcements), etc. The underwater foundation is one of the most delicate parts in the construction of a bridge, due to the difficulty in finding a ground that resists the pressures, the use of foundation piles being normal. The piles must support the permanent load and overloads without settling, be insensitive to the action of natural agents, wind, large floods, etc. The stirrups must resist all kinds of efforts; They are generally built in reinforced concrete and various shapes.
Image obtained from: https://mapio.net/images-p/23653176.jpg
For the manufacture of a structure like this, a bridge, specialized products are needed for the result to be effective and resistant, and that is not enough, since it requires a committed staff with great knowledge in construction and planning. , because in this way bad decisions are avoided, and designs with misallocated costs. In addition, it is very clear that the planning of these works must be done well in advance, by this we mean that there must be a hard work of investigation and analysis to carry out a design appropriate to the needs and use of the infrastructure.
Image and information obtained from: https://www.hycproyectos.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/gerencia-de-proyectos.jpg
To summarize all the above information, we can say that there are certain factors that influence and must be considered in the entire process of building a bridge, that is, they are necessary for the project to be completed successfully:
- Topography
- Building material
- Resources available, budget.
- State and type of soil in which the construction is planned, location.
- Design changes during construction.
- Purpose or objective of said bridge, which entails seeing other types of materials.
Information obtained from: Escobar y Martínez. (2022, 15 septiembre). “Aspectos a tener en cuenta en la construcción de puentes vehiculares”. Productos Técnicos Especializados (PTE). Recuperado 21 de diciembre de 2022, de:¿Qué tener en cuenta para la construcción de un puente vehicular? (eymproductostecnicos.com)
Function of a bridge.
"These are structures designed to overcome natural obstacles, such as rivers, valleys, lakes or inlets, and artificial obstacles, such as railways or highways, in order to be able to transport merchandise, allow the movement of people and move substances from one place to another" (2). These are the infrastructures in charge of favoring the communication of different cities for the articulation of daily activities (commercial, recreational, etc.).
Information obtained from: Puentes. (2010, 8 octubre). “Definición de Puentes”. Apuntes Ingeniería Civil. Retrieved October, 15, 2022, from: APUNTES INGENIERÍA CIVIL: DEFINICIÓN DE PUENTES (apuntesingenierocivil.blogspot.com)
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